LvLatvian grammar

I conjugation

First-conjugation verbs are short — usually a one-syllable root with the infinitive -t added straight to the root, e.g. nest (to carry), celt (to lift), dot (to give). It is the smallest group but contains many everyday verbs.

The present and past stems often change a consonant or vowel, so each verb is best learned individually. Compare celt — es ceļu (present) — es cēlu (past).

Present tense

Personnestcelt
esnesuceļu
tunescel
viņš/viņanesceļ
mēsnesamceļam
jūsnesatceļat
viņi/viņasnesceļ

Past tense

Personnestcelt
esnesucēlu
tunesicēli
viņš/viņanesacēla
mēsnesāmcēlām
jūsnesātcēlāt
viņi/viņasnesacēla

Future tense

Personnest
esnesīšu
tunesīsi
viņš/viņanesīs
mēsnesīsim
jūsnesīsiet
viņi/viņasnesīs

Because the root ends in a consonant, a linking -ī- appears before the future -š-/-s-: nest → nesīšu, nesīsi, nesīs.

A few very common verbs are irregular. iet (to go) uses different stems across tenses: present eju, ej, iet; past gāju; future iešu.

Common verbs

nest
to carry
celt
to lift
dot
to give
iet
to go
ņemt
to take
likt
to put